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g.
/L/, /[/).
Affricatea sound where a stop articulation is continued as a fricative
in the same place (e.g. /tj/).
Liquidas for fricative, but the airstream has a fluid quality, thus less
noise (e.g. /r/, /I/).
Nasalas for plosive, but the closure is not released, the air escapes
through the nose instead (e.g. /n/. minimal pair: words in a language
which differ only in one phoneme,
e.g. pin-bin, lick-lock, lock-lot; frequently used for practising sound
contrasts in a second language. nasal: see manner of articulation,
paralinguistic features: those features of voice and body movement
which accompany oral interaction, contributing to the meaning of the
linguistic information.
phoneme: speech sound which is distinctive within the system of a par-
ticular language; see minimal pair.
Glossary 177
phonemic script: a set of symbols for the transcription of spoken language;
standardized by the International Phonetics Association (IPA).
phonetics: the study of human speech sounds; describes the wide range of
sounds humans can produce.
phonology: the study of the use of the distinctive speech sounds (phonemes)
in particular languages.
pitch: voice height; depends on the frequency of vibrations of the vocal
cords; every person has an individual pitch range; relative pitch and pitch
movement (tone) are made use of in intonation.
place of articulation: the location in the vocal tract where a particular
speech-sound is produced; this is usually stated in terms of the active
articulator (the part which moves) and the passive articulator (the part
which is touched or approached/the part towards which the active
articulator moves).
examples
/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
/f/, M
/e/, AV
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /!/
active artic.
(bi)labial lower lip
labio-dental lower lip
dental tongue tip
alveolar tongue tip
post-alveolar tongue tip
palato-alveolar tongue blade
palatal tongue front
velar tongue back
glottal two vocal cords
(Brown 1993: 155)
passive artic.
upper lip
upper teeth
upper teeth
alveolar ridge
rear of alveolar ridge /r/
alveolae/palate /J7,
palate /j/
velum /k/, /g/, /n/
/h/, /?/
plosive: see manner of articulation.
positioning of participants: the way interlocutors negotiate social roles
and relationships in discourse (e.g. solidarity, dominance, shared
knowledge). Suprasegmental features, notably intonation, play an
important part in this. postvocalic 'r': an V-sound following a vowel;
this is pronounced in
some accents of English but not in others, e.g. 'park', 'where', 'here',
'cargo'.
prominence: the placement of stress in discourse by the speaker (often
referred to as 'sentence stress'); see stress. Also known as highlighting,
focus, tonic prominence.
prosody: often used synonymously with the term suprasegmentals, but
may also include the study of syllable structure.
quality: see vowel parameters.
quantity: see vowel parameters.
rhythm: the sequence of strong and weak elements in language; there are
different views: some say rhythm refers to the occurrence of stresses,
others say that it depends on strong and weak vowels.
178 Glossary
RP: Received Pronunciation, a social accent of English; Southern British
Standard. schwa: short, central vowel, neutral in quality; the first vowel
in the
word 'again', transcribed as /a/; occurs in unstressed syllables only.
segments: individual sounds, consonants, and vowels. semi-vowel: also
called approximant or glide; extremely close vowel
articulation which almost turns into a consonant, e.g. English /j/, /w/.
sentence stress: see prominence stress: a syllable is stressed if it is
pronounced with one or more of the
following features: greater energy, greater length, higher pitch. Uses
of stress: (1) lexical stress or word-stress; (2) prominence or 'sentence
stress'. suprasegmentals: features of speech stretching over more than one
sound
or segment up to whole utterances (e.g. stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo,
voice quality); see also prosody, syllable: a unit of pronunciation usually
larger than a single sound and
smaller than a word, e.g. the word 'syllable' has three syllables; there
are one-sound syllables such as /9/ in 'about' and one-syllable words
such as 'pot'. tone: see pitch, tone unit: a group of syllables including a
movement in pitch; used for
description of intonation (also referred to as sense group, intonation
group, tone group, or thought group). toneme: in tone languages,
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